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Electronics => Electronics => Topic started by: Aber on December 04, 2010, 06:50:36 PM

Title: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 04, 2010, 06:50:36 PM
Hi all,
I am an AI beginner. I am doing the $40 Line Follower Robot from this site
http://www.societyofrobots.com/member_tutorials/node/59 (http://www.societyofrobots.com/member_tutorials/node/59)

I have successfully finished the robot. The two read LED and the Green LED are glowing. But there are some questions and problems I need help with.
1- When I set the robot for WHITE line follower by following this pic, both motors are on and running.
(http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn236/pratheekn/image015-1.jpg)

2- When I set the robot for BLACK line follower as in this pic, both motors stop running.
(http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn236/pratheekn/image014-1.jpg)
Is this normal or something is wrong with my circuit?

3- Setting the robot for WHITE line follower makes the robot go forward all the time and never makes turns. Am I missing some steps?!!
Please tell me what could be wrong with my circuit.

Note: I have attached a pic copied it from the $40 Line Follower site, but realized I could do "insert pic" instead. I tried to find out how to delete the attachment, but couldn't find out how. Sorry for that.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 04, 2010, 09:31:39 PM
Hi,

I am an AI beginner. I am doing the $40 Line Follower Robot from this site
http://www.societyofrobots.com/member_tutorials/node/59 (http://www.societyofrobots.com/member_tutorials/node/59)
Not a bit AI about that.


I have successfully finished the robot.
Successfully?


1- When I set the robot for WHITE line follower by following this pic, both motors are on and running.
2- When I set the robot for BLACK line follower as in this pic, both motors stop running.
Is this normal or something is wrong with my circuit?

3- Setting the robot for WHITE line follower makes the robot go forward all the time and never makes turns. Am I missing some steps?!!
Please tell me what could be wrong with my circuit.
Your light sensors are probably way off and you need to change the resistors making up the other part of the voltage dividers.

Measure the voltage at the common node in each pair (LDR and resistor) going to the IC, when the LDR's are "looking" at a piece of white and black paper respectively and report the values here.
Pull the IC from its socket while measuring.


Note: I have attached a pic [...]
Please, only attach pictures if they provide anything towards solving the problem (and 0 byte pics don't really help  ;)).
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 05, 2010, 07:22:30 AM
Hi,
Thanks for your reply. I wouldn't know that someone would reply that fast. I appropriate that a lot.

Quote
Not a bit AI about that.
This is just a start to keep me going and understand robots better.

Quote
Successfully?
:) ;) I mean successfully done with it, but not successfully working lol.

Quote
Your light sensors are probably way off and you need to change the resistors making up the other part of the voltage dividers.
OK, what do you mean by way off?!! I have done my sensors exactly the same way as this picture below. I used the same parts as described.
(http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn236/pratheekn/image049.jpg)

Quote
Measure the voltage at the common node in each pair (LDR and resistor) going to the IC
Hmmm...what resistor are you talking about?!! There isn't any wiring from LDR or any resistor going to the IC. Please explain more in more details.

Here are some views of my completed circuit. If you find any wrong please let me know.
If you find it hard to see the pictures and prefer video of my circuit, I can do that.
(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot001.jpg?t=1291553757)

(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot005.jpg?t=1291553757)

(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot002.jpg?t=1291553757)

(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot003.jpg?t=1291553757)

(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot004.jpg?t=1291553757)

(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot006.jpg?t=1291553757)

(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot007.jpg?t=1291553757)

(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/th_myfirstrobot008.jpg?t=1291553757)
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 05, 2010, 09:10:21 AM
Good morning.

I like your project. Your line follower does not use a microcontroller. What it does do is basically compare the inputs from the sensors. (voltage divider (http://www.google.com/search?btnG=1&pws=0&q=voltage+divider)) The sensors you have may be the same part as the ones in the tutorial. They may even have been made at the same time but they are not the same. The potentiometers are on the circuit so that you can "balance" the circuit.

You should remove the IC from the socket. Put the sensors over a white piece of paper and then measure the resistance or the sensors where they feed into the chip. Adjust the potentiometers until you can get as close a match as possible. Then your circuit should work much better.

Keep us posted.
Conscripted
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 05, 2010, 04:32:31 PM
Hi,
Thanks for the reply.

Quote
I like your project
Thank you very much that will give more confident in myself.

Quote
measure the resistance or the sensors where they feed into the chip.
OK I am a bit confused about how to test a resistance in my circuit! When you said "where they feed into the chip" do you mean these two red wires that are soldered to the 1K resistors?
(http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn236/pratheekn/image038.jpg)

please explain how to test the resistance, where do I put the red and black probes of the multimeter to test the resistance? Please use this picture to point that out.
(http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn236/pratheekn/image039.gif)

Quote
Adjust the potentiometers until you can get as close a match as possible
what should the match resistance be?
[/size]
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 05, 2010, 09:26:43 PM
Hi,

When you turn the trimmers, can you get the LED's to turn on over black and off over white?

Do you have a spare unsoldered LDR so that you can measure its resistance over black and white?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 05, 2010, 10:59:44 PM
Here is an excerpt from the tutorial you linked. It's from the circuit explanation page.
 
The resistor whose value is 20K is a potentiometer. A potentiometer (pot or preset) is a resistor whose resistance can be changed. In our project, we will be using 20k presets, that is, we will use presets whose resistance can be changed from 0K to 20K.
When the robot is on white surface the light emitted by the LEDs fall on the LDRs and decreases its resistance. This in turn reduces the voltage at Vout. When the robot is on the black line, the light emitted by the LEDs does not reach the LDRs, hence its resistance increases. This in turn increases the voltage at Vout.
During both the cases it is necessary to adjust the 20K preset in such a way that, when the robot is on white surface, voltage at Vout is <0.8V (so that the voltage at the emitter of the transistor is LOW) and when the sensor is on the black line the voltage is >0.8V (so that the voltage at the emitter of the transistor is HIGH).


Conscripted


Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 06, 2010, 04:42:23 PM
Hi,

Quote
When you turn the trimmers, can you get the LED's to turn on over black and off over white?
I put the sensors over white. No matter which way I turn the trimmers of the presets, the Red LED's are still glowing with no change in the amount of glowing. The Blue LED's do not glow at all no matter how I turn the trimmers.
I put the sensors over Black. Same thing as above, No matter which way I turn the trimmers of the presets, the Red LED's are still glowing with no change in the amount of glowing. The Blue LED's do not glow at all no matter how I turn the trimmers.

Quote
Do you have a spare unsoldered LDR so that you can measure its resistance over black and white?
Yes I do. I measured the resistance of unsoldered LDR over black and white. Here are the readings.

LDR over white
(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/myfirstrobot.jpg?t=1291675004)

LDR over black a bit far from the surface
(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/myfirstrobot010.jpg?t=1291675008)

LDR over black closer to the surface: when exceeding 199.00 the multimeter doesn't show the result.
(http://i1116.photobucket.com/albums/k568/AberAljadi/myfirstrobot009.jpg?t=1291675011)
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 07, 2010, 08:52:26 AM
Have you had any luck getting your project working yet? I just read the tutorial again in much more detail. If your blue LEDs are not glowing I would recommend looking at them to find out why. If I understand the tutorial they are just connected to the robot's battery supply. This circuit is very light dependent. Maybe your don't have enough because the blue LEDs aren't on.

Conscripted.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 07, 2010, 10:31:14 AM
Hi,

I measured the resistance of unsoldered LDR over black and white. Here are the readings.
Too bad you leave us guessing at what range you measured!

You seem very fond of photos, but in this case, a few written words would tell more than several kB worth of pictures. I'll repeat, Please only use photos when they contribute something!


I'll assume it was on the 200kOhm range(?), so it's around 80k over white and 200kOhm and upwards over black.

As I mentioned, this is where your problem lies.

The LDR's that Pratheek mentions in the parts list comes without specs, but a user has described them as:
   "Classic CdS (Cadmium-Sulfide) Photoresistors go from very high resistance (about 5 Megohms) in the dark, to very low resistance (about 1 Ohm) in bright sunlight."

Your LDR's are of a higher resistance when in light, so the circuit have to be adapted for this.
Either you swap the trimmer potentiometers for some 200k to 500k, or you keep the ones you have and add a resistor to each trimmer where it connects to the +9V line. Break the connection and insert the resistor in between.
The trimmer will have much less influence if you just add a resistor, but it will be cheaper and easier.

Start with say a 100k resistor and test if the trimmer can now get it in range.
Measure the voltage over the LDR with the trimmer in each outer position and report back your findings...
In words please. Only post photos if it explodes, melts or you've got Claudia Schiffer holding your creation.
Title: .
Post by: Libraoct7 on December 07, 2010, 05:27:41 PM
Sorry had the problem and no one is answering me.
Title: .
Post by: Libraoct7 on December 07, 2010, 05:52:58 PM
Please, why no one is helping me with my problem in my thread?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 07, 2010, 06:46:24 PM
Hi

Quote
If your blue LEDs are not glowing I would recommend looking at them to find out why.
Well I am not sure how they are suppose to glow. Do they glow by using light? Can I test them by using a 1.5V battery? I already did but they don't glow either.

Quote
This circuit is very light dependent. Maybe your don't have enough because the blue LEDs aren't on.
There there enough lights in the room.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 07, 2010, 06:53:35 PM
Hi,
Thanks for your reply and help.
Quote
Too bad you leave us guessing at what range you measured!...
Sorry about that I thought you might need to see how far my sensors were from the whit and black surface when I measured them.

Quote
I'll assume it was on the 200kOhm range(?), so it's around 80k over white and 200kOhm and upwards over black.
You are correct it was on the 200KOhm.

Quote
keep the ones you have and add a resistor to each trimmer where it connects to the +9V line. Break the connection and insert the resistor in between.
I will take your advice.

Quote
Measure the voltage over the LDR with the trimmer in each outer position and report back your findings...
OK now you may say I am very stupid but here comes the very very beginner's question. How to measure the voltage over the LDR with the trimmer? Do I put the black probe of the multimeter over one lead of an LDR, and the red probe over a track pin of a trimmer?
Please be patient with me. I am just a beginner.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 07, 2010, 06:58:45 PM
Well I am not sure how they are suppose to glow. Do they glow by using light? Can I test them by using a 1.5V battery? I already did but they don't glow either.

This is a picture from the tutorial. The blue LEDs are in the middle and are connected to the red and black lines. Those red and black lines are a power bus. They provide the power to make the LEDs illuminate.
(http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn236/pratheekn/image056.gif)

Conscripted
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 07, 2010, 07:05:00 PM

Quote
This is a picture from the tutorial. The blue LEDs are in the middle and are connected to the red and black lines. Those red and black lines are a power bus. They provide the power to make the LEDs illuminate.

Ok, I tested 5 new unsoldered blue LED. I used 1k resistor and the 9V battery. They all do not glow. I tested the battery voltage, it's 9.8V.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 07, 2010, 07:14:21 PM
Hi,

How to measure the voltage over the LDR with the trimmer? Do I put the black probe of the multimeter over one lead of an LDR, and the red probe over a track pin of a trimmer?
Put the black lead on the pin of the LDR that is connected to ground (0V) and the red lead on the other LDR pin (no problem if you get it reversed, it will just show a minus sign "-" to the left of the voltage reading).


And about your blue LED's...
Are they blue or IR LEDs (the latter you won't see with the naked eye)?
Did you try swapping their pins, in case you had the polarity wrong?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 07, 2010, 07:32:56 PM

Quote
Are they blue or IR LEDs (the latter you won't see with the naked eye)?
Did you try swapping their pins, in case you had the polarity wrong?

My LEDs are not blue colored, they are clear.
Yes I did make sure the longer pin is for + hoked with a resister and shorter pin for - on the negative side of the battery.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 07, 2010, 09:34:09 PM
Do you gave the part number for the blue LEDs that you purchased?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 08, 2010, 08:02:17 AM
Quote
Do you gave the part number for the blue LEDs that you purchased?
No I didn't. There wasn't any specification of part number of the blue LEDs on the tutorial site.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 09, 2010, 10:38:49 AM
Quote
Your LDR's are of a higher resistance when in light, so the circuit have to be adapted for this.
Either you swap the trimmer potentiometers for some 200k to 500k, or you keep the ones you have and add a resistor to each trimmer where it connects to the +9V line. Break the connection and insert the resistor in between.
The trimmer will have much less influence if you just add a resistor, but it will be cheaper and easier.

Start with say a 100k resistor and test if the trimmer can now get it in range.
Measure the voltage over the LDR with the trimmer in each outer position and report back your findings
I have changed all my trimmer potentiometers to another ones with 250K.
I measured the voltage over the LDRs. Here are the readings.
right LDRs : 7.38   and   5.84
left LDRs   : 5.87   and   7.29
I measured the voltage of the battery and it was at that time  9.09
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 09, 2010, 10:50:30 AM
I turned the resistance of all the trimmers down to 0, but the red LEDs are still glowing! Aren't the red LEDs suppose to be off when the resistance of the trimmers are 0?

After changing all the trimmers to another ones with 250k, the blue LEDs are still not glowing! What is the problem?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 09, 2010, 03:03:10 PM
After changing all the trimmers to another ones with 250k, the blue LEDs are still not glowing! What is the problem?

Whether or not the blue LEDs glow has nothing to do with the trimmer. If you look at step 4 the red and black wires of the sensor module are soldered to power and ground. That should cause the LEDs to light up. How much voltage do you get between the anode and the cathode of the blue LEDs? A bad connection for the ground wire between the main board and the sensor board my cause the problems you describe.

Conscripted
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 10, 2010, 03:28:03 AM
Quote
Whether or not the blue LEDs glow has nothing to do with the trimmer.
Yes, but is has something to do with the RED LEDs, right. When the resistance of the trimmers are turned to zero , the RED LED's should go off, but they are not.

Quote
How much voltage do you get between the anode and the cathode of the blue LEDs?
the voltage is 1.24

Quote
A bad connection for the ground wire between the main board and the sensor board my cause the problems you describe.
I have checked the connection for the ground, it's correct.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 10, 2010, 07:27:40 AM
Maybe we are getting some where now. The Blue LEDs are not affected by the red LEDs or the trimmers. They are connected directly to the battery capacitor. If the blue LEDs have 1.24vdc between their anode and cathode your battery is very low OR you have a problem in your circuit somewhere. The red LEDs are on because the base of the transistors are high. You need enough resistance from the LDR so that the trimmer you put in will drop less then 0.7vdc. When that happens your RED LEDs will go out. The only thing that will cause the red LEDs to extinguish is for the base of the transistor to be low (at less then 0.7vdc.)

Conscripted
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 10, 2010, 11:26:16 AM
Quote
The Blue LEDs are not affected by the red LEDs or the trimmers. They are connected directly to the battery capacitor.
OK, I do understand that. But, what function do the blue LEDs do? I thought they suppose to glow only when you put it on the line.
Another question, what kind of blue LED should I use for this robot, it's not specified in the tutorial.

Quote
If the blue LEDs have 1.24vdc between their anode and cathode your battery is very low OR you have a problem in your circuit somewhere.
The voltage of the battery at that time was 10.05, it was full charged.
I will try to check again for any bad connections in my circuit.

Quote
The red LEDs are on because the base of the transistors are high. You need enough resistance from the LDR so that the trimmer you put in will drop less then 0.7vdc.
And how to do that, any suggestion?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 10, 2010, 11:51:47 AM
Please don't get discouraged with this process. The more problems you have the more you learn.

The blue leds are there to give you consistant results. I mentioned that this circuit was very light dependent. Changes in the lighting in the room could cause the circuit to behave differently from one run to the next. By adding light that is always the same you minimize some of that. That is the function of the blue LEDs.

To get the transistor to go low you need the sensor module to function correctly. The base of the transistor is connected to the center point of a voltage divider. The value of the resistors used in a voltage divider determine what the voltage in the center will be.

www.doctronics.co.uk/voltage.htm (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/voltage.htm). This link was included in the tutorial it should help you understand voltage dividers. That information should help you understand what this circuit should be doing.

If your battery voltage was 10 Vdc and you only got 1.24Vdc at the blue LEDs you HAVE a problem somewhere in your circuit. Look it over carefully. Use a magnifying glass if you have one. Use your multimeter to check for continuity in your circuit both where it should be and where it shouldn't. It's really easy for solder to be somewhere it isn't supposed.

You can use any blue led you want in your circuit. They aren't magic. Just make sure that you don't provide them to much voltage because you can damage them.

Conscripted
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 10, 2010, 05:34:10 PM
Hey...I think I found part of the problem why my four Blue LEDs do not glow.
I used four unsoldered blue LEDs to test them. I used a testing board and 1k resistor. Here is what happened.
I tested all my four blue LEDs individually with the 1k resistor and 9v battery they all glow. But when I put the four blue LEDs in series with one 1k resistor, they don't glow. Even with only 2 LEDs, they still do not glow.
So is the problem with the LED or with the resistor? 1k resistor is what has been suggested in the tutorial.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Conscripted on December 10, 2010, 10:01:30 PM
This is where having a part number for your LEDs is helpful. The datasheet for your LEDs will list their operating voltage. It's possible that after you hook up more then one in series the 1k of resistance that you don't have enough power left to power them. Every item in a series circuit will use some of the available power.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 11, 2010, 07:41:02 AM
Hi,

It's a bit confusing with what's actually two different questions intermingled, so let's get this blue LED solved in a few sentences.

I tested all my four blue LEDs individually with the 1k resistor and 9v battery they all glow. But when I put the four blue LEDs in series with one 1k resistor, they don't glow. Even with only 2 LEDs, they still do not glow.
So is the problem with the LED or with the resistor? 1k resistor is what has been suggested in the tutorial.
Each LED needs around 3.6V, so two in series will require 7.2V (plus something to drop over the resistor). More serially connected LED's = Higher voltage needed.
A 9V battery goes down to 5.4V before being considered flat and when flat, may still register as close to 9V if measured without a load.
Solution: Use the LED's in parallel with a resistor for each (I wonder why they're blue, white LED's would be my choice).
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 11, 2010, 08:00:07 AM
Hi,

Quote
Your LDR's are of a higher resistance when in light, so the circuit have to be adapted for this.
Either you swap the trimmer potentiometers for some 200k to 500k, or you keep the ones you have and add a resistor to each trimmer where it connects to the +9V line. Break the connection and insert the resistor in between.
The trimmer will have much less influence if you just add a resistor, but it will be cheaper and easier.

Start with say a 100k resistor and test if the trimmer can now get it in range.
Measure the voltage over the LDR with the trimmer in each outer position and report back your findings
I have changed all my trimmer potentiometers to another ones with 250K.
I measured the voltage over the LDRs. Here are the readings.
right LDRs : 7.38   and   5.84
left LDRs   : 5.87   and   7.29
I measured the voltage of the battery and it was at that time  9.09
The resistance needs to be much higher then. The circuit is a bit strangely designed, with a NPN transistor in that position, but as far as I can see, the voltage over the LDR's needs to get down to around 3V.
If 250k gets you down to ~5.8V (I assume the readings are with the trimmers in each outer position and over the same color paper?), adding a 330k resistor in series with the 250k trimmer should get you down to around 3V with the trimmer approximately midway - try this and it should work.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 11, 2010, 02:26:00 PM
Hi,
Quote
The datasheet for your LEDs will list their operating voltage.
I bought the LEDs from the shop near by. There wasn't any datasheet because I bought them individually. I need to know what kind of blue LEDs I should buy. Can you help?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 11, 2010, 02:40:07 PM
Hi,

Quote
Use the LED's in parallel with a resistor for each...
That was my solution to. I need to buy me more 1k resistors.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 11, 2010, 02:45:55 PM
Quote
(I assume the readings are with the trimmers in each outer position)

I don't think I understand what you mean by that!!!
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 11, 2010, 02:51:29 PM
while we are at it, I have another question.
I have asked this question before in this thread, but no one has answered it yet.
When I turn the resistance of the trimmers down to 0, aren't my Red LEDs suppose to go off?
Well, they are not. They are not even going dimmer or brighter. Any suggestions on that?!!!
Thanks for you time and help.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 11, 2010, 04:17:31 PM
Hi,

I need to buy me more 1k resistors.
Not quite... They shouldn't be more than 270 Ohm maximum.

With a full 9V battery and 20mA through the LED's, you need:
  (9V-3.6V)/0.02A =  270 Ohm
When the battery is down to 7V (and thus still have power left) you need:
 (7V-3.6V)/0.02A = 170 Ohm
At the end-of-life, the battery supplies 5.4V and then you need:
 (5.4V-3.6V)/0.02A = 90 Ohm

Clearly, a compromise must be found - selecting 180 Ohm, the current will be:
From (9.6V-3.6)/180 Ohm = 33mA
 to (5.4V-3.6)/180 Ohm = 10mA
And the medium will be (7.5V-3.6V)/180 Ohm = 21.7mA

The battery falls fairly rapid to a bit under 9V when loaded and so, the 33mA on a freshly charged battery shouldn't be a problem, but the 10mA at the end of battery life is much weaker.

A much better way is to make a 21mA constant current circuit like this, to replace the resistors. That way the current will stay the same over the battery life.
(http://That.Homepage.dk/Img/21mA_CCD.png) (http://That.Homepage.dk/Img/21mA_CCD.png)


BTW. You need to use 6 AA-cells or similar, as a PP3 (box shaped) 9V battery just won't have the power to drive it.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 11, 2010, 04:21:15 PM
Quote
(I assume the readings are with the trimmers in each outer position)

I don't think I understand what you mean by that!!!

These measurments:
Quote
I measured the voltage over the LDRs. Here are the readings.
right LDRs : 7.38   and   5.84
left LDRs   : 5.87   and   7.29
I measured the voltage of the battery and it was at that time  9.09
7.38V and 5.84V represents what then?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 11, 2010, 04:26:04 PM
while we are at it, I have another question.
I have asked this question before in this thread, but no one has answered it yet.
When I turn the resistance of the trimmers down to 0, aren't my Red LEDs suppose to go off?
Well, they are not. They are not even going dimmer or brighter. Any suggestions on that?!!!
What do you mean by turning the trimmers to 0 (you cannot get them to 0V).
But the idea is to adjust them to a point where the red LED extinguish when over white and turns on when over black.

That is exactly what you're gonna solve by adding the 330k resistors I mentioned.
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 18, 2010, 12:17:13 PM

Hi

Quote
(I assume the readings are with the trimmers in each outer position)

I don't think I understand what you mean by that!!!

These measurments:
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I measured the voltage over the LDRs. Here are the readings.
right LDRs : 7.38   and   5.84
left LDRs   : 5.87   and   7.29
I measured the voltage of the battery and it was at that time  9.09
7.38V and 5.84V represents what then?


Sorry, I must have gotten myself confused. When I measured the voltage over the LDRs, I put the black probe on positive lead and the red probe on the negative lead of the LDR. I thought that how you taught me how to measure the voltage over the LDR.
But I am not sure what the trimmers have to do with measuring the voltage over the LDR. That's why I got confused when you said "I assume the readings are with the trimmers in each outer position"
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on December 18, 2010, 03:09:12 PM
Hi,

WOOW, ok now this is too advanced for me. I thought this project is supposed to be easy and not complicated for beginners. From what I have been reading through threads, I believe some beginners have built the circuit with the exact parts mentioned in the tutorial, and it worked for them.

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I need to buy me more 1k resistors.
Not quite... They shouldn't be more than 270 Ohm maximum.

I thought you said "Use the LED's in parallel with a resistor for each..."

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With a full 9V battery and 20mA through the LED's, you need:
  (9V-3.6V)/0.02A =  270 Ohm
When the battery is down to 7V (and thus still have power left) you need:
 (7V-3.6V)/0.02A = 170 Ohm
At the end-of-life, the battery supplies 5.4V and then you need:
 (5.4V-3.6V)/0.02A = 90 Ohm
.
.
.
Now this is advanced and new to me.

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A much better way is to make a 21mA constant current circuit like this, to replace the resistors. That way the current will stay the same over the battery life.
(http://That.Homepage.dk/Img/21mA_CCD.png) (http://That.Homepage.dk/Img/21mA_CCD.png)

This is way advanced for me to understand. First, it looks like I need to make a big change in my circuit. Second, I don't quit understand this schematic. I have spent hours searching the net to find out what of these schematics mean. Now I understand that Q1 and Q2 refer to the collector lead of a transistor. But there are things I don't understand about it:
-Is B+ means the positive side of the battery? If so, I don't see the B- . What is 0V
-You are using BC547 and BC337, different than what the tutorial is suggesting which is BC538 for all four transistors.
-R1 and R2, are these resistors? If so, what is 3k3 and 33R?
-LED- and LED+ are for Red LED?

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BTW. You need to use 6 AA-cells or similar, as a PP3 (box shaped) 9V battery just won't have the power to drive it.
I am using 9V Ni-MH 250mAh Rechargeable battery. Doesn't this battery have the power to drive it?
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Soeren on December 21, 2010, 04:30:05 AM
Hi,

WOOW, ok now this is too advanced for me. I thought this project is supposed to be easy and not complicated for beginners. From what I have been reading through threads, I believe some beginners have built the circuit with the exact parts mentioned in the tutorial, and it worked for them.
It is easy, but you didn't get the exact parts... The LDR's you got are of a much higher resistance.


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With a full 9V battery and 20mA through the LED's, you need:
  (9V-3.6V)/0.02A =  270 Ohm
Now this is advanced and new to me.
Let's break it down then:
You have 9V on the battery (when fresh)
Blue LED's needs to drop around 3.6V
That leaves 9V-3.6V = 5.4V to drop over the resistor

To get 20mA (0.02A) for the LED, the resistor should thus be: 5.4V / 0.02A = 270 Ohm


This is way advanced for me to understand. First, it looks like I need to make a big change in my circuit. Second, I don't quit understand this schematic. I have spent hours searching the net to find out what of these schematics mean. Now I understand that Q1 and Q2 refer to the collector lead of a transistor.
Q1 and Q2 are just the component designations in the schematic and it's a coincidence that they're both close to the collectors.
However, you should probably just stay with single resistors for now.


But there are things I don't understand about it:
-Is B+ means the positive side of the battery? If so, I don't see the B- . What is 0V
-You are using BC547 and BC337, different than what the tutorial is suggesting which is BC538 for all four transistors.
-R1 and R2, are these resistors? If so, what is 3k3 and 33R?
-LED- and LED+ are for Red LED?
B+ is the positive side of the battery. You may be used to thinking that the other end is -9V, but that would make it an 18V battery. You use one side of the battery as 0V and then you get +9V from the other side (or -9V if you F'd up ;D) - hence the 0V. Calling it B- would indicate a second battery with its positive side connected to 0V.

The transistors in the schematic is BC548 (not BC538). The reason I used other types is that I reused an old schematic made for a slightly higher current draw, hence the BC337 (which handles more current than the BC547.
The only difference between BC546 (not used here), BC547 and BC548 is the max. voltage they can handle. BC546 can handle 65V, BC547 can handle 45V and for the BC548 it's 30V - all other parameters are equal.
I always keep a stock of BC547, as I sometimes use them above 30V, but rarely above 45V.
You can use BC548 for both of them, in case you'd like to try out the circuit - perhaps for some different purpose.


I am using 9V Ni-MH 250mAh Rechargeable battery. Doesn't this battery have the power to drive it?
It's a bit low on capacity, but might work due to the lower internal resistance compared to an alkaline - however, you'd have a low runtime. I imagine that your motors use around 1A (1000mA) and in that case, the apparent capacity of your battery is even lower, perhaps around 150 to 200mAh.
Assuming 200mAh freshly charged, the runtime would be 200mAh/1000mA=0.2h (12 minutes).

A set of 6 AA cells of say 1500mAh would give 1.5 hours of runtime (all this based on a 1000mAh current draw from the motor).
Title: Re: problem with my $40 Line follower project!!!
Post by: Aber on April 15, 2011, 04:00:40 PM
Hi,
I am very sorry I haven't been in contact lately about the progress of my project. I have been busy doing some other work, now, two weeks ago, I am back to my project.
I thank everyone who has helped me in doing this project, specially Soeren who was an excellent helper and who has helped me all the way to the end without getting tired of me asking many questions, but hey the more we ask the more we learn.

My robot worked very good. The Science Fair project is due April 21. There is only one catch about this project I just need to point out or rather to ask about.

First,
In the "Electronics (Circuit Explanation)" Pratheek explained the following "for following white line and for using the robot as a photophobe, there is a slight change in the circuit. The left sensor output is connected to Pin 7 and right sensor output to Pin 10. Pins 2 and 15 remain unconnected."
However, in the "Putting everything together" Pratheek has showed the procedure differently. He only let pin 7 and 10 unconnected.

Second,
in the "Putting everything together" He has mentioned that connecting pin 7 and 10 to Vcc would make the robot "To use the robot as a black line follower, obstacle avoider and photophobe, make the following connections in the main circuit board." I think connecting pin 7 and 10 to Vcc would make the robot photovore not photophope.

Lastly,
I am not sure how this robot would be an obstacle avoider!!!