I used it for converting the 8 bit Analog To Digital value of a Sharp IR Sensor to a rough distance estimate. Since the Sensor is nonlinear I took some data and did a best fit curve and had the preprocessor generate the table from the function.
You can do a similar thing using c, by declaring arrays like:
far rom char[10] = {0x01,0x09,0x05 etc....}
This way it doesnt take up ram space, but you can still access the array table like a normal variable.
As for the original post, there is not a calculator as such built into mpasm. You can load up the mpasmwin.exe for the mpasm suite, but there is no standard calculator. You will notice though that there are several different radix base outputs etc, so it is capable of supporting calculations. Its function is to act like a big calculator