So when you power it up, all the voltages check out? Like 5V on the regulated line, etc?
The damage depends on how you shorted the circuit. Chances are nothing was damaged, or maybe just the voltage regulator. If not that, then perhaps the mcu but not likely.
Robotics is definitely not easy, you'll constantly be challenged. Just stick with it and you'll learn. I don't think there is a single experienced person on this forum that hasn't fried/sparked/exploded/melted part of their robot . . .